For maximum performance, you need to use the native Linux-ALSA stack! Please avoid PulseAudio if you want to obtain the best audio quality from your Tone2 Pro or Tone1.

You can skip this step if PulseAudio not installed in your system. To check, use the command:

$ which pulseaudio || echo PulseAudio not installed

If PulseAudio is installed, it is very easy to create a custom configuration file!

install-pulse-audio-udev-rules.sh

sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/89-pulseaudio-usb.rules <<END
# Disable PulseAudio for next usb-audio devices by usb-id
# Tone2 Pro
ATTRS{idVendor}=="3353", ATTRS{idProduct}=="a002", ENV{PULSE_IGNORE}="1"
# Tone2
ATTRS{idVendor}=="3353", ATTRS{idProduct}=="a004", ENV{PULSE_IGNORE}="1"
# Tone1
ATTRS{idVendor}=="3353", ATTRS{idProduct}=="a001", ENV{PULSE_IGNORE}="1"
# Tea
ATTRS{idVendor}=="3353", ATTRS{idProduct}=="a005", ENV{PULSE_IGNORE}="1"
# Tea Pro
ATTRS{idVendor}=="3353", ATTRS{idProduct}=="a006", ENV{PULSE_IGNORE}="1"
# Tone1 with XMOS usbid
ATTRS{idVendor}=="20b1", ATTRS{idProduct}=="000a", ENV{PULSE_IGNORE}="1"
 
# just one line for all XMOS devices
ATTRS{idVendor}=="20b1", ENV{PULSE_IGNORE}="1"
# just one line for all Khadas Audio devices
ATTRS{idVendor}=="3353", ENV{PULSE_IGNORE}="1"
 
END

Now just re-plug your Tone2 Pro or Tone1 device to your machine for the new configuration to take effect.

Enter the following command into Terminal:

$ grep -H DSD_U32_BE /proc/asound/card?/stream0 && echo Native DSD support - ok

Your Linux system is using an old kernel! Please check your kernel version using the command uname -r, and check this topic https://forum.khadas.com/t/does-the-v2-00-firmware-sound-better/10176/6, and then upgrade your Linux kernel.

Get a list of all supported audio file formats using Terminal:

$ grep "" /proc/asound/card?/stream0
# or 
$ grep -e usb -e Format -e Bits -e Rates /proc/asound/card?/stream0

Example Output:

Khadas Tone2 Pro at usb-0000:03:00.4-1, high speed : USB Audio
    Format: S32_LE
    Rates: 44100, 48000, 88200, 96000, 176400, 192000, 352800, 384000, 705600, 768000
    Bits: 32
    Format: S32_LE
    Rates: 44100, 48000, 88200, 96000, 176400, 192000, 352800, 384000, 705600, 768000
    Bits: 24
    Format: SPECIAL DSD_U32_BE
    Rates: 44100, 48000, 88200, 96000, 176400, 192000, 352800, 384000, 705600, 768000
    Bits: 32

Music Player Daemon (MPD) is a flexible, powerful, server-side application for playing music. Through plugins and libraries it can play a variety of sound files while being controlled by its network protocol.

• Maximum performance - YES
• Bit-perfect audio playback - YES
• Native DSD playback - YES

• https://www.musicpd.org/doc/html/user.html
• https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Music_Player_Daemon
• man mpd

$ sudo apt-get install mpd mpc ncmpc

Create music folders and the mpd config file (your music library must be accessible from these folders).

$ mkdir -p ~/mpd/music ~/mpd/playlists

MPD searches for a config file in $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/mpd/mpd.conf then ~/.mpdconf then /etc/mpd.conf or … read more man mpd.

$ nano ~/.mpdconf

# ~/.mpdconf - minimal mpd configuration for bit-perfect DSD playback
 
music_directory "~/mpd/music"
playlist_directory "~/mpd/playlists"
db_file "~/mpd/base"
log_file "/dev/null"
pid_file "~/mpd/mpd.pid"
state_file "~/mpd/mpd.state"
sticker_file "~/mpd/sticker.sql"
 
group "audio"
#bind_to_address "localhost"
bind_to_address "any"
bind_to_address "~/mpd/mpd.socket"
follow_outside_symlinks "yes"
follow_inside_symlinks "yes"
auto_update "yes"
auto_update_depth "6"
 
#zeroconf_enabled "yes"
#zeroconf_name "Music Player @ %h"
 
audio_output {
type "alsa"
name "Tone2"
# use only hardware devices for bit-perfect playback
device "hw:CARD=Pro,DEV=0"
# optimal buffer/period size for maximum performance
# about 2% system usage only ;)
buffer_time "409600"
period_time "40960"
# only use hardware volume control
mixer_type "null"
# software volume control, you may/may not need this ;)
# mixer_type "software"
 
# disable all format conversions
auto_resample "no"
auto_channels "no"
auto_format	"no"
# Disable DSD over PCM, as we have native playback from the Linux kernel
# dop		"yes"
}
 
audio_output {
type "alsa"
name "Tone1"
device  "hw:CARD=Control,DEV=0"
buffer_time "409600"
period_time "40960"
mixer_type "null"
auto_resample "no"
auto_channels "no"
auto_format "no"
#dop "yes"
}
 
audio_output {
	type "null"
	name "NULL"
}
 
filesystem_charset "UTF-8"
audio_buffer_size "512"
#buffer_before_play "5"

• aplay -L|grep -A1 ^hw: - full list
• aplay -L|grep -A1 ^hw:|grep USB -B1 - only usb list
• aplay -L|grep -A1 ^hw:|grep Tone -B1|head -n1 - only for Tone board

The system will automatically start the MPD service, we need to restart this service with ordinary users.

$ sudo systemctl stop mpd
$ sudo systemctl stop mpd.socket
$ systemctl --user restart mpd

mpc is a command-line client for the Music Player Daemon (MPD). It connects to a MPD and controls it according to commands and arguments passed to it. If no command is given, the current status is printed (same as mpc status).

mpc add DSD_test_512.44100.2.dsf
mpc add '09 - Faith No More - Be Aggressive.flac'
mpc add http://s4-webradio.rockantenne.de/alternative
# play it
mpc play
mpc repeat on
mpc
mpc outputs
mpc stop
mpc clear
mpc update
# get full commands list
mpc help

$ cat $(dirname /proc/asound/card?/stream0)/pcm?p/sub?/hw_params

Native 512-DSD output example:

access: RW_INTERLEAVED
format: DSD_U32_BE
subformat: STD
channels: 2
rate: 705600 (705600/1)
period_size: 28902
buffer_size: 131072

• mpc - command-line client (must have)
• ncmpc - common console GUI (must have)
• M.A.L.P. - android client
• A MPD client for IOS - iOS player
• full list - https://www.musicpd.org/clients/

All are welcome to give comments, replies and suggestions for improvement!