Only generic OS images can be installed to external storage. Attempting to install other image types (e.g., eMMC-specific images) will result in a failure to boot.
There are several methods to install an OS onto external storage, such as a TF card or USB drive.
Etcher provides a user-friendly graphical interface suitable for beginners and is compatible with macOS, Windows, and Linux. Simply select your OS image file, and Etcher will automatically detect your removable drive and write the image.
For advanced users, you can use the dd command from a terminal (e.g., in Ubuntu).
$ sudo dd if=/path/to/image of=/dev/sdX bs=1M && sync
Caution: Replace /dev/sdX with the correct device node for your external storage (e.g., /dev/sdb). Using the wrong device node can overwrite your system disk.